Daily dose of English: 

This series is to help you learn 300 words a month (10 words everyday) so that your written and spoken English becomes enriched. Learning a specific number of words daily is far better and much advantageous than learning a huge number of words at one time and you are likely to forget them in a short time. You can benefit from it and share it with your friends, siblings and come back everyday for daily dose of English words to aggrandize (by the way, this long spelled word means to make something grand and large) your English language skill and furnish your daily life with little effort.
So lets start:

10 Vocabulary Words

•  Heinous 

Meaning:  wicked and odious act or crime of a person

Sentence:  Unemployment has caused an increase in heinous acts in the society.

• Wad

Meaning:  a soft and plumpy mass 

Sentence: The police found a wad of money from robber during the search.

• Recurring 

Meaning:   (something) occurring again and periodically 

Sentence: Recurring terrorism in any part of the world will not let the peace happen.

• Overhaul

Meaning:  to stop (something) to examine and remove the fault

Sentence: The manager overhauled the work to remove the tensions of workers. 

• Obstruct

Meaning:    to block or stop the way of something

Sentence:  The big black clouds obstructed the sun rays from reaching the earth.

• Rousing 

Meaning:  exciting , stirring.

Sentence:  The movie was very boring until the climax that was rousing for sure.

• Dereliction

Meaning:  to be in a very poor condition due to neglect or disuse

Sentence:  The post office building that was constructed recently, looks centuries old due to dereliction.

• Ample

Meaning:  to be enough or more than enough, plentiful

Sentence:  We had ample food at picnic so we shared it with other people there.

• Parry 

Meaning:  to overcome a fault with a countermove

Sentence:  He parred his failure in exams with the pretext of getting late admission 

• Apportion

Meaning: divide up or shared

Sentence:  By hiring new teachers, the arduous task of a few teachers to teach massive student classes was apportioned.

Final word: Do learn and practice these words and you will yourself see a change of betterment in your language.

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Daily dose of English: 

This series is to help you learn 300 words a month (10 words everyday) so that your written and spoken English becomes enriched. Learning a specific number of words daily is far better and much advantageous than learning a huge number of words at one time and you are likely to forget them in a short time. You can benefit from it and share it with your friends, siblings and come back everyday for daily dose of English words to aggrandize (by the way, this long spelled word means to make something grand and large) your English language skill and furnish your daily life with little effort.
So lets start:

10 Vocabulary Words

• Urchins (n.) 

Meaning:  a mischievous young child, especially one who is poorly or raggedly dressed

Sentence:  The little urchins were always up to some mischief in the neighborhood.

• Pelt  (v.)

Meaning:  to hurl something at someone, usually in a rapid succession

Sentence: The kids started to pelt snowballs at each other.

• Piety (n.)

Meaning:  quality of being religious or reverent.

Sentence: The monk’s life was devoted to prayer and piety.

• Retreating (v.)

Meaning:   the act of moving back or withdrawing

Sentence:  After the heavy rainfall, the floodwaters began retreating

• Buoyed (n.)

Meaning:   to keep (someone or something) afloat or to cause (someone) to become cheerful or confident

Sentence: She was buoyed by the support of her family during difficult times.

• Resurrect (v.)

Meaning: to restore (a dead person) to life or to revive the practice, use, or memory of (something); bring new vigor to

Sentence:  The company is trying to resurrect a product that was discontinued a few years ago.

• Requite  (v.)

Meaning:  to make appropriate return for (a favor, service, or wrongdoing)

Sentence: He wanted to requite her kindness but didn’t know how.

• Composure (n.)

Meaning:   the state or feeling of being calm and in control of oneself

Sentence: Despite the stress, she maintained her composure and finished the task.

• Provocation (n.)

Meaning:   an action or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry

Sentence:  He didn’t respond to the provocation and kept his cool.

• Outskirts (n.)

Meaning:  the outer parts of a town or city

Sentence:   They live on the outskirts of the city where it’s quieter

Final word: Do learn and practice these words and you will yourself see a change of betterment in your language.

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 Daily dose of English: 

This series is to help you learn 300 words a month (10 words everyday) so that your written and spoken English becomes enriched. Learning a specific number of words daily is far better and much advantageous than learning a huge number of words at one time and you are likely to forget them in a short time. You can benefit from it and share it with your friends, siblings and come back everyday for daily dose of English words to aggrandize (by the way, this long spelled word means to make something grand and large) your English language skill and furnish your daily life with little effort.
So lets start:

10 Vocabulary Words

• Contrition (n.) 

Meaning:  the state of feeling regretful or remorseful

Sentence: After realizing the harm he had caused, he felt deep contrition and sought forgiveness.

• Supplication (n.)

Meaning:  the action of asking for something beggingly or earnestly or humbly

Sentence: She knelt in supplication, praying for her family’s safety during the storm.

• Impeccable (adj.)

Meaning:  faultless, perfect, high standards

Sentence: His attention to detail was impeccable; not a single error could be found in his work.

• Virulent (adj.)

Meaning: extremely harmful and severe in its consequences, mostly used for a disease

Sentence: The outbreak of the virulent virus spread rapidly, affecting thousands of people.

• Affliction  (n.)

Meaning:  to cause pain or harm, hurt

Sentence: The chronic pain was an affliction she had to endure daily.

• Disfigure (v.)

Meaning:  spoil the appearance of

Sentence: The accident left him with scars that disfigured his once-handsome face.

• Oratorical  (adj.)

Meaning: relating to art of public speaking

Sentence:  Her oratorical skills captivated the audience during the passionate speech.

• Ephemeral (adj.)

Meaning: lasting for a short time, short lived

Sentence: The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral; they bloom for only a short time each spring.

• Elevate (v.)

Meaning:  to lift up or raise something

Sentence:   Kindness elevates the human spirit and brings out the best in people.

• Remorse (n.)

Meaning:  deep regret or guilt for a wrong doing 

Sentence: He felt deep remorse for betraying his friend’s trust.

Final word: Do learn and practice these words and you will yourself see a change of betterment in your language.

Follow for more......😉

Daily dose of English: 

This series is to help you learn 300 words a month (10 words everyday) so that your written and spoken English becomes enriched. Learning a specific number of words daily is far better and much advantageous than learning a huge number of words at one time and you are likely to forget them in a short time. You can benefit from it and share it with your friends, siblings and come back everyday for daily dose of English words to aggrandize (by the way, this long spelled word means to make something grand and large) your English language skill and furnish your daily life with little effort.
So lets start:

10 Vocabulary Words

• Meagre (adj.)

Meaning: lacking in quantity or quality

Sentence:  The meagre portions of food left in the pantry were barely enough to sustain them.

• Beseech  (v.)

Meaning:  ask someone to do something fervently or urgently

Sentence: The desperate mother beseeched the doctor to save her child’s life.

• Ascertain  (v.)

Meaning:  to make sure, find out for certain

Sentence: The detective worked tirelessly to ascertain the identity of the mysterious caller.

• Glib    (adj.)

Meaning: insincere and shallow words of a speaker

Sentence: His glib remarks often got him into trouble during serious discussions.

• Poignant    (adj.)

Meaning:  evoking a sense of sadness or regret

Sentence: The old photograph brought back poignant memories of their childhood

• Discern (v.)

Meaning: recognize or find out

Sentence:  With her keen eyesight, she could discern even the smallest details in the painting.

• Yearn (n.) 

Meaning: intense feeling or longing of something, mostly the one which has lost or been separated.

Sentence: He felt a deep yearning for the home he had left behind.

• Lofty  (adj.)

Meaning: rising to a great height, imposing height

Sentence: The mountaineer set out to conquer the lofty peaks of the Himalayas.

• Emanate (v.)

Meaning:  spread out or issue

Sentence:  Confidence emanated from her every word and gesture.

• Tidings (n.)

Meaning: news information

Sentence: The messenger arrived with tidings of victory from the battlefield

Final word: Do learn and practice these words and you will yourself see a change of betterment in your language.

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Daily dose of English: 

This series is to help you learn 300 words a month (10 words everyday) so that your written and spoken english becomes enriched. Learning a specific number of words daily is far better and very much advantageous than learning a huge number at one time and you are likely to forget them after a very short period of time. You can benefit from it and share it with your friends, siblings and come back everyday for daily dose of English words to aggrandize (by the way, this long spelled word means to make something grand and large) your English language skill and furnish your daily life with little effort.
So lets start:

10 Vocabulary Words

• Progeny: ( n.)

    Meaning: descendants of a person, family, brood  

    Sentence: As a writer, she hoped her stories would inspire future progeny of dreamers.

• Clans: ( n.) 

 Meaning: a close group of interrelated families  

     Sentence:  In the fantasy novel, the protagonist belonged to the secretive clan of shadow warriors.

• Vicinity: (n.) 

Meaning: the area near a place 

Sentence:  The new bakery in the vicinity attracted a steady stream of customers.

• Impeach: (v.) 

Meaning: charge with misconduct, indict, charge 

Sentence:  The politician’s actions were questionable, but not necessarily impeachable.

• Chivalry: (n.) 

 Meaning: a nobleman with religious, moral and social code

 Sentence:  He held the door open for her with a chivalrous flourish.

• Aloof: (adj.) 

 Meaning: cool and distant, keeping away from some activity 

 Sentence: “Despite being at the party, she remained aloof, avoiding small talk.

• Quibbles: (n.)

 Meaning:  objection and criticism about a small matter 

 Sentence:   Their relationship was strong, but they occasionally had minor quibbles over household chores.

• Invective: (n.)

 Meaning: insulting or criticising ( mostly used for a language) 

 Sentence: During the heated argument, he hurled invectives at his opponent.”

• Relinquish: (v.) 

 Meaning: give up, leave for 

 Sentence:  She decided to relinquish her role as team captain to focus on her studies.”

• Vocation: (n.)  

Meaning:  career, job, particular occupation 

Sentence:  His true vocation was music, and he pursued it with unwavering passion.

Final word: Do learn and practice these words and you will yourself see a change of betterment in your language.

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Prime Minister of Pakistan 2024

In this article we are going to talk about new prime minister of pakistan.

The recent government was of PTI and more recent was of PML-N after PPP. PPP and PMLN has been playing for long  but PTI has joined recently and gained more fame and respect than others.

But let's talk about the elections first.

Elections in Pakistan has been a concern for the population of Pakistan as well many people across the world. 

Elections in Pakistan held on february 8 was quite an event. The elections that were held on February 8 were not a simple process of choosing a new PM but a lot that happened before elections and what will happen later is a must to not forget. 

There were major political parties running for the power and many were banned also which, of course, did not help the opponents take the best out of it.

Three famous and major with many infamous political parties were contesting to win the elections but there are a lot of things that matter. 

Pakistan Tekrek Insaf running 2nd time for government  in economy ridden pakistan was banned from campaigning. Its electoral symbol was also snactched by court in different cases. 

The party is famous among the people who are the real power of a democratic state. Imran khan is or better say was the leader of the party. He was first convicted in August 2023 and now punished for different cases for about 30 years. His party still managed to contest and even won by majority in unofficial results of the election. 

On the other hand was PML-N. The party that runs under the leadership of Nawaz Sharif . Sharif has enjoyed the Prime Minister power for three time. It is another matter that he was not lucky enough to complete even one tEnure. In fact, no Prime Minister of Pakistan has been lucky this enough. 

PPP, a party which is lead by Bilawal Bhutto Zardari is also not less common. Made in 1960, this party holds the feather of the senior and oldest party of the country. But the fate of this party was also not stable. Made and lead by the grandfather of Bilawal, the party reign transferred to later's mother after former was hanged in charges of disloyality and manslaughtering his political rival. After Bilawal's mother Benazir died in an assasination attempt after becoming PM for two times, his father, Asif Ali Zardari ruled the country and then the leadership of party was transferred to bilawal and now he is runnIng for PM.

Army/armed forces of Pakistan has also been defamed to back up a party, mostly the one that makes the government. This time PTIousted from the election race by different excuses, deprived of a level playing field has managed to win hearts of people. There are badS and goods in every government. But seeing the popularity of PTI, it seems Pakistan army has also stepped out of its back game in election.

according to the unofficial result till the morning of election next day, PTI was the winning party followed by PML-N and PPP.  But the unofficial results are unofficial and they can be changed.

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Temperature & salinity of the oceans

 Temperature and Salinity of Oceans

Temperature of oceans:

About 2/3 of earth is covered with water. The temperature of oceans is not same throughout the earth. It varies with the location and depends on many factors. Different properties can vary the temperature of oceans. It must be remembered that only surface layer of ocean water gets heated by sunlight because the oceans are more than 10,000 meters deep and sunlight can't reach there.  

Factors affecting temperature of oceans:

The temperature of oceans depends on many factors. The main factors on which temperature of oceans vary are as follow:

• The latitude
• The intensity of sunlight

The sunlight penetration:

  The amount of sunlight that can penetrates in oceans is dependent on the clarity of water and the weather. It is so obvious that the part of ocean where water is clear, sunlight can penetrate more than a place where water is murky or dull and small sediments are present in it. The sunlight is blocked due to these impurities present in the water. The weather on the ocean where where there are clouds, of course the sunlight is blocked by clouds and less or no sunlight reaches the ocean water.

The latitude: 

  The water on the earth is divided into 5 main oceans. These oceans are known as Pacific ocean, Atlantic ocean, Indian ocean, Southern ocean and Arctic ocean. The two oceans, Southern and Arctic oceans are present at or near poles and are very cold or remain as ice throughout the year because less or no sunlight reaches there. The tropic and subtropical regions receive more sunlight due to clear skies and latitude.

Importance of oceans temperature:

It is important to note that  at 100 m depths of oceans temperature starts to decline and continues to decline until 500 or 1000 m and till the depth of 2500m, the temperature decrease and becomes 2 C. 
The temperature of water and sunlight are important for the photosynthesis in oceans. The oceanic photosynthesis provides for about 70% of oxygen to the life on earth. It is also an important food source as 50% of the population of earth depends on oceans for food .

Salinity of oceans:

Salinity is the amount of dissolved minerals in the oceans.

Oceans are saline and that's why their water is not suitable for human beings. The amount of salt in ocean water varies at different regions. A liter of ocean water contains about 35g of salt. Salinity of oceans is suitable for many invertebrates and other organisms. The salinity of oceans was a mystery long ago. Scientists thought from where this much of salt came into oceans. The oceans not only consist of salts but many other minerals. 
Leonardo Da Vinci thought that the salt of oceans comes from rivers. This hypothesis was not supported much but it came out to be true to some extent. As it became evident later that if not all, some ratio of salt of oceans was deposited by rivers. 

What does oceans really consists of?

Oceans consist of different minerals. These mineral are transported by rivers that connects with oceans. The river water is rich in minerals as it transports rocks that are rich in minerals.

These minerals include Chlorine, Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sulfur and Potassium and others. Sodium and chlorine are the main minerals and they form salt when combine with each other.

The minerals that are include in other consist of almost every mineral present on earth. 

Factors on which salinity depends:

The salinity varies in oceans from place to place. those places are more saline where there is more evaporation. Salinity is less where rivers discharge their freshwater and also where there is more rain.

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 Hydrologic cycle: 

What is hydrologic cycle?

The movement of water in biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere in a cycle is known as the hydrologic cycle.

Explanation:

The water in and on our earth is not just in liquid form. It changes forms and turn into liquid, solid and even gas at times. This changing of water in different states in different spheres is called hydrological cycle. 

Importance of the hydrologic cycle:
The hydrological cycle is very important it is the means through which we get fresh water on earth. This process also helps to maintain the temperature on the earth. The most important feature of the hydrological cycle is that it circles the water through the three living spheres of biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. There are various procedures that take place in the hydrological cycle. These processes include evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, transpiration and many other to ensure the water availability. Let's look at these processes individually.

⦁ Evaporation: This is the process of  the hydrological cycle that turns the water into vapors and gaseous states. the energy to carry out comes from sun. The water in open places like lakes, streams, and oceans evaporates with the solar energy, turn into vapor and become disperse in the atmosphere. This process is usually considered as the first step of hydrologic cycle.

⦁ Condensation: The second step of condensation is very important in moving the hydrological cycle to next phase. In condensation the water that evaporated in the first step and is in the form of vapour condenses to little water droplets that become suspended in the air and form clouds. Clouds may look like cotton but they are formed of many trillion tons of water. The clouds hold the water against the force of gravity. The energy source for this step is also the solar energy. 

⦁ Precipitation: This is the next step of the hydrological cycle.if you think precipitation is rain , you may be wrong. Precipitation is any form of water that falls on the ground. the rain, snow, mist, fog, sleet, hail or any form that you can think of is precipitation. in this step the water that evaporated from the earth into atmosphere, comes back but now it can be termed as fresh water.

⦁ Lithosphere runoff: This is the process by which water again adds into oceans or other water bodies. The rain, or snow that has precipitated now runoff on the ground and become a part of the water already present on the ground. Some water directly precipItates on the water bodies.

⦁ Infiltration: Some of the 3% freshwater that we have on the earth, some is imprisoned in the ground as groundwater. This water becomes the part of ground when some water from rains or precipitatIon methods flows into lithospheric crust instead of oceanic crust. It gives moisture to our soil.

⦁ Transpiration: Transpiration is the water that directly evaporates from the plants' surface. This process is called transpiration because the water become a part of the atmosphere through the leaf of plants.

 Now, we have seen how water moves in the atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere by a complete cycle that's why it is called the hydrological cycle. 

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PMS english precis previous 4 years Urdu paragraph translation

Here is the solved translation of urdu paragraphs of PMS English precis papers of previous 4 years that is the last question usually in exams. By attempting this question you can secure 15 marks easily. 

Rocks and their types

 In this article we are going to learn about rocks and their types. How rocks are formed and what are their most important and famous types, we'll discuss in this topic Let's start.

Rocks:

Rocks are made up of different types of minerals. Minerals are naturally occurring solid organic material that constitutes rocks. 

Types of rocks:

Rocks are of three types:

• Igneous rocks 
• Sedimentary rocks 
• Metamorphic rocks

Here's a little table to understand basics of these rocks:

Characteristics	Igneous rocks	Sedimentary rocks	Metamorphic rocks
Formation	Formed by cooling of lava	By the cementation and calcification of rocks pieces	Formed under immense heat and pressure
Types	Two types: Extrusive Intrusive	Three types: Clastic Bioclastic/Organic  Crystalline	Two types: Foliated  Non foliated
Example	Granite, Basalt	Rock salt, limestone, sandstone	Marble,

Let's look at these rock types in detail:

Igneous rocks: They are formed by the cooling and solidification of lava. 

Types of igneous rocks:

Igneous rocks are of two types on the basis of the their constituents and place of formation.

• Intrusive igneous rocks 
• Extrusive igneous rocks 

Intrusive rocks:  

• These rocks are formed under the earth with magma. 
• These rocks have large crystal particles because they cool down slowly as the temperature under the earth is warmer. 
• So, it take a long time to cool and form larger crystal particles that are visible to naked eye.

Extrusive rocks: 

• These rocks are formed outside the earth with lava and they have smaller or no crystal particles. 
• The reason behind not having crystal particles or very much smaller crystal that are not visible to naked eye is the instant cooling of the lava as it is exposed to a cooler temperature than the hotter temperature inside the earth. 
• The insTant cooling of lava leaves air bubbles in these rocks.  

Fast review: The part of a volcano which 

is outside the earth is lava, and magma is inside the earth.

Sedimentary rocks: formed by the compaction and cementation of rocks pieces that are separated from other larger rocks. There are three types of sedimentary rocks on the basis of crystal type and formation.

• Clastic: The shape of crystal determine the quality of rocks. The crystals of these can be round, angular, fine or any other shape.

• Crystalline rocks: Those rocks that are formed by evaporation and precipitation in water. Once a rock is mixed in water, the water evaporates and the crystals are seen.

• Bioclastic/organic: They are formed of remains of plants/ or living things.

Metamorphic rocks: Rocks that are formed by the intense heat and pressure, as the pressure increases the rocks formed have layers. The very important and crucial feature too recognize is layers present on the rocks. There are two types of metamorphic rocks.

• Foliated.
• Non-foliated

Foliated metamorphic rocks: The foliated metamorphic rocks have two types on the basis of mineral alignment.

• Mineral Alignment foliated
• Banding foliated

Mineral alignment:  The minerals line up in these rocks due to intense pressure .

Banding: This is the intense form of mineral alignment and the mineral line up in light and dark bands in result of even more intense pressure.

Non foliated metamorphic rocks: These rocks are formed by either intense pressure under the earth or intense heat when they come in contact with magma.

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Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions

In this article, we are going to learn about volcanoes, their formation and their different types and classifications. Complete description of volcanoes is given; comment if you like. You can also follow me for more quality and interesting study material.

Volcano:
A volcano is a process or phenomenon in which a rock after melting forces itself outside the earth. The melted rocks is known as lava. Inside the earth this melted rock is known as magma and when it comes out of the earth it is known as lava. volcanoes are a powerful phenomena.

Types of volcanoes:

 To your surprise, volcanoes are not only red mass flowing outside the earth but it has different types. There are three different types of volcanoes.

• Active volcano
• Dormant volcano
• Extinct volcano

The names of the volcanoes suggest them completely.

Active volcanoes are those kind of volcanoes that have erupted once in their history and there is a chance that they can erupt again ever.

Dormant volcanoes represents those volcanoes that have not erupted even once but there is a predictability that they will erupt in future or near future or any time.

Extinct volcanoes gives us insights about those volcanoes that have erupted in the past but now the possibility of them erupting has completely vanished.

Where do volcanoes occur/erupt?

This is the most unasked question about volcanoes.they just don't erupt from any piece of the land on earth. the volcanoes erupt 90% of the times at tectonic plates. 

 

Fast review: Our earth is not a single piece of crust (upper layer of earth) but it is divided into 16 pieces that are known as tectonic plates.

The different types of movements of tectonic plates cause heat and energy that cause the melting of rocks. These melted rocks make their way out and are called volcanoes.

Classification of volcanoes on different types:

• Shield volcano: 
• Stratovolcano
• Caldera
• Cinder cone

Here's a detailed table about the classified types of volcanoes on the basis of their different shapes, sizes, and lava.

Characteristic	Shield volcano	Stratovolcano	Caldera	Cinder cone
Size	Largest type of volcano	Also large volcano	Large and round	Simplest volcano
Formation	Formed from eruption of highly fluid lava	Formed from eruption and solidification of most explosive lava	Large amount of magma erupts in short time period and results in collapse of rock	Formed as result of eruption of cold lava from a single vent, lava launched violently
Slope	Broad gentle Slope	Steeper slope	Structural support of rock is collapsed	Ash fall as cinders around the vent
Shape	Like a shield	Composite volcano	Looks like cauldron because of collapsed  magma chamber on the top	Circular or oval cone
Example	Mauna Loa	Krakatoa	Santa Ana	Paricutin

What happens with the material or lava that erupts in a volcano?

This erupted lava forms igneous rocks that are extrusive in nature.

 Extrusive rocks are:

• formed of lava
• form outside the earth
• cool down instantly
• have very small or no crystals 
• shiny surface, air bubble spaces due to instant cooling process

If you want to know more about rocks, click here

How do scientists know a volcano is near eruption?

Scientists measure different activities of a volcanic site and then take precautionary measures to prevent life loss and other harms.

For example, scientists measure 

• The widening of cracks 
• The change the gases that erupt
• Increase in seismic activity
• And, swelling of the volcano surface

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