Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

In this article we are going to learn about the weathering process. The weathering process is followed by two other phenomenons of erosion and deposition. Let's dive into it.

Weathering: 

The wear and tear/ breaking down and changing of rocks as a result of exposure to environment. weathering of rocks happens with the time. It can take hundred or thousand of years.

Types of weathering: 
On the basis of the environment and factors, weathering is divided into two key terms.

• Physical weathering  
• Chemical weathering

Let's look at each types of weathering in detail:

Physical/Mechanical weathering: This type of weathering does not change the chemical structure or composition of the rock but the shape of the rock. It is of four types:

1. Frost action
2. Exfoliation
3. Abrasion    
4. Root wedging

Here's a detailed table to understand each type of physical weathering which tells us how it happens, where it happens and what does it involves.

Details:	Frost action	Exfoliation	Abrasion	Root wedging
Happens where:	In areas temperature is slightly above freezing during day and below freezing in the night.	Dramatic temperature conditions, mostly in areas where temperature is very hot during the day and very cold during the night	Rock grinds against rock and results in abrasion	Plants roots force the rocks apart
Involves:	Ice process	Extreme temperatures	Air abrasion, water abrasion, glacial abrasion, coastal abrasion	Plants roots
Process:	Water seeps in the cracks of rocks and during night it freezes. When water freezes its volume increase. The result of this freezing and expanding of water	Rock expands during the day in heat and contracts during night in cold and gradually the outer layer of rock exfoliates	Air flows the sand into bigger rocks and it gradually becomes abrased Water flows little peebles or smaller rocks into larger rocks	Little plants grow under rocks and they grow to a large tree, their powerful roots tear apart the rocks

Chemical weathering: This type of weathering changes the chemical structure of rocks as a result to exposure to different substances and gives them a new name and shape. It is also divided into two main types.

• Oxidation
• Carbonation

Let's look at each type of chemical weathering individually.

Oxidation: The term is used to represent rust and involves the process of rocks turning red. The phenomenon behind the rocks turning red is the exposition of oxygen to air. As we know, many rocks over the world contain oxygen so whenever they are exposed to air they turn red and looks like rusted.

Carbonation: this process is responsible for many beautiful and eye catching limestone caves over the world. the process starts with the water seeping underground and mixing with different minerals to form carbonic acid. carbonic acid have the ability to dissolve many other minerals so it forms caves etc when the rocks are exposed to this carbonic acid.

Factors affecting weathering:

Climate:  If the temperature is moderate and least moist, very less weathering is seen but in higher temperature and dry areas, more and strong weathering is visible.

Surface area: The larger surface area provides more weathering process. This tells that a larger rocks whose center is protected or less surface area is less vulnerable to weathering while a smaller rock whose center is exposed more, provides more surface area for weathering. 

Hardness:  The hardness of different rocks also affects the weathering process. Some rocks are more prone to weathering due to their softness than other harder rocks.

The term weathering is often used with two other terms: erosion and deposition

Erosion: 
is the process of transportation of the broken rock sediment to far places. it is followed by deposition

Agents of erosion: As we know erosion is the process of transporting the broken rock far from its parent rock. the process of erosion is caused by many factors that include:

• Soil
• Air
• Water
• Ice 
• and the most important Gravity

Gravity is the most crucial factor of erosion process as it causes the factors work directly or indirectly. The erosion that takes place through gravity is called mass movement.

There are four types of erosion that take place through gravity.

1. Soil creep
2. Debris flow
3. Mud flow
4. Rock fall

Properties↓/Names→	Soil creep	Debris flow	Mud flow	Rock fall
Constitutes of:	Only soil	Everything including trees, rocks, soil, etc.	Only mud and water	Mainly rocks and take other things with it also
Time it take:	Can take weeks, months, years or decades	Sudden fall, can't be predicted	Mostly during rain, storms, heavy precipitation	Rapidly falls off the cliff
Also known as:	=	Landslide	Mudslide	Rockslide

Deposition:
 As the name suggests is the settlement of of the sediments of rocks that are broken as a part of weathering process and transported as the result of erosion.

The deposition of the broken rocks by gravity erosion will be angular (sharped, pieces of rocks) and unsorted (not a specified position).

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Babri Mosque and Indian apathy of muslim sentiments

 This is not how secular states work or undermine the slogan of secularity of their states. 

Before desecration and demolition

After desecration and demolition

The demolition of Babri mosque marked 30 years on 6th December 2023. The 16th century mosque was demolished by Hindu mob in 1992 based on claims that it was built on land considered holy by Hindus.  

 The grief of Demolition of Babri mosque in Ayodhya was not less to hurt the sentiments of the Indian Muslims and all other Muslims of the world that Indian PM Narendra Modi has used religious card once again to be in power. The grandiose inauguration of a Tempel at the place where once a 400-year-old mosque stood is heart wrenching. Indian politicians have always been using such tactics to gain authority. 

This immoral and nonsense step taken by the authoritative party, has not only saddened Muslims to their hearts but the Indians either Hindu or other minorities have also not liked it and opposed it openly. This step of Indian government has not been able to make happy anyone but a few sycophants that will be ready to lick the boots. In short, any sensible person has opposed the construction of temple in place of a historical mosque. 

 The minorities rights are recognized and protected all over the world. the crumbling of minorities sentiments and that by the world's largest populated country is out of sense. The so called ‘secular’ ‘secular’ reiterators should admit that India is a Hindu country and persecution of minorities. 

Pakistan has raised the problem of turning Babri mosque to temple in OIC. The envoy claimed that many other famous mosques are also at the danger of such desecration. the international community has also recognized the depth of the problem that can arise between two communities.

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The Solar System: A Before Exam Review

Solar System/ Constituents of solar system

In this topic, I will share complete details of solar system, (that will be easy to learn) and its formation and the constituents of solar system.

Militancy in Pakistan

Militancy in Pakistan:

Pakistan has been a home for attacks by militants and insurgents in 2023.

The situation is baffling as 1524 security men and common people lost their lives in attacks by militants and during attacks on militants. This number is alarming as this is 56 percent more than last year's attacks when 928 people lost their lives in such attacks.

Another perplexing situation is that about 82pc attacks and 92pc fatalities were reported in Afghanistan neighboring provinces Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

It gives ground to the Pakistan authorities' claims of accusing afghan refugees for a surge in such attacks and the decision of ousting a large number of afghan refugees right, in November just before the winter set-in.

This move by Pakistan also invited huge criticism from international bodies. Despite the backlash Pakistan received, the decision seems rightful.

Afghan Migrants settlement in Pakistan:

The Afghan refugees started settling in Pakistan during the Soviet war in Afghanistan in 1979. In 1980s, when some soviet backed people of Afghanistan tried to settle communist government, the country was saved from godless communism with the help of Mujahidin, trained by madrassas in Pakistan and backed by the help of US aid and the complete support of KSA.

The Afghan refugees were not only welcomed but also hosted well by Pakistan. This was done, by the then president of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq who, being a true follower of Islam and making the Pakistan a state of Madina and enchanting the slogan of brotherhood, initiated this move. Afghanistan is hostile to Pakistan from the day one as it is apparent by its opposition of Pakistan on joining UN, its stubbornness to not accept the agreement of Durand line, giving rise to a pashtunistan, which never got successful.

India-Afghan friendship:

With the day by day deteriorating relations with pakistan the brotherly ties are getting stronger. The relations of Afghanistan with India present the other picture for Pakistan.

India and Afghanistan have not only historical and cultural relation but, India has also been providing humanitarian and monetary aid to Afghanistan at the time of crisis.

It seems like Pakistan ,which has already been trying to be safe from eastern hostility, will have to be more wary of eastern-western neighbours' friendship.

Pakistan has also changed its stance towards neighbours and extended its friendly hand to far states. This is a good step in foreign policy of Pakistan.

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Continually depriving Air Quality

"Air can not only give you life but it can also take it."

With water pollution and scarcity, air pollution and its deadly effects are also one of the daunting threat of the century. The air quality index shows the quality of air in a certain area. If the index shows a country at certain limited points, it is not vulnerable but after a specific limit, the air quality gets bad and then worse and then worst to such a point that it gives you diseases and problems other than life. Air is the main supporter of life. It comprises different gasses that support life in all its forms. The air is crucial to human beings the most: as the nitrogen present in it supports plants, oxygen supports humans and higher animals and the carbon dioxide maintains the living conditions on earth.All these uses of air are beneficial to human one way or the other. Why someone would not protect such a precious thing, is out of sense.

Air Polluters and Sufferers:-

It is exceptional that the countries which are the biggest contributors of air pollution are the developed countries. Among the top 10 dumpers of carbon dioxide, 5 to 6 countries are Asian and as a result, this continent suffers the most tangible effects of it. The toppers of the list are China, Russia, USA, Japan, and India. Pakistan does not rank in the first 10 most polluter countries but to a satire, it is among the most polluted and affected ones and is placed 2nd in the list. The big cities of Pakistan fluctuated on the first 3 most polluted cities in 2023 on the basis of air quality index.

Air Quality Index:-

The air quality index shows the average of good and bad air quality. The AQI table is as follow:

• 0-50 Good
• 51-100 Moderate 
• 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups 
• 151-200 Unhealthy
• 201-300 Very unhealthy
• 301+ Hazardous

The air quality index for metropolitan cities of Pakistan was more than 200 points on average and it is regarded as very unhealthy. The detrimental diseases caused by a bad or worst air includes asthma, lung diseases, chronic and heart diseases. It can also lead to eye diseases. It must be noted that life expectancy is lessened by 5 years by living in such air conditions as are in pakistan.

Causes and Repairs:

The main factor that contributes to the bad air quality index is particulate matter (PM 2.5) and smog.

• Particulate matter is very tiny and minute material that enters into respiratory system and can also reach lungs.
• Smog is the mixture of smoke and fog. Smoke is caused by factories, industries, vehicles and the burning of fossil fuels. Smog blocks quality sunlights and pollutes the air.

The air pollution is deteriorated by humans and humans can also make it better. The first way to tackle air pollution at hand is using face masks and air purifiers. At national and international levels, rules and regulations can make a difference if followed by all. The previous records show that the major polluters don't contribute to make the air better.

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Relations between Pakistan and Iran after attacks

Introduction:

Iran attacked the Balochistan area of Pakistan on Tuesday and claimed that the attack was solely for terrorists hiding in the Panjgur region of the province. In counter Pakistan first called back its diplomats from Iran and on Thursday Iran also bore a similar attack from pakistan. 

History of Iran-Pakistan relations:

Pakistan and Iran have enjoyed cordial relations since the inception of the former. Either wars with our eastern enemy  or an alliance and entry into US camp, Iran has always backed up Pakistan. Pakistan has also not treated Iran less than a brother and helped it in times of difficulties and wars. Pakistan has also not looked down Iran due to its involvement in Yemen upheavals and gave a big proof of brotherhood after not providing its army to Saudi Arabia against Iran. Both countries are islamic states and there are a lot of common things between both countries from borders to religion and culture to ethnicity.

Terrorism: A Common enemy

Both countries have many common enemies whether they may be on the basis of religion or their friendship bond. Terrorism is the common enemy of the both countries in the first place and it has led to this escalated environment between both countries.  Iran conducted an airstrike on a mosque in Paksitan's province Balochistan which caused the death of 2 minors. In return, Pakistan also attacked Iran which as Iran claimed led to the death of foreign nationals. tensions are escalating between both countries and it is not good for either.

Opportunities:

Both countries have lost a lot of men and finance fighting terrorism over the years and now they should not foul their relations for such a cause. Iran should have gone for talks and the matter could be solved. Both countries also face many other problems and enemies already. It will not be better for Pakistan to deteriorate its relations at the Iranian frontier when it is facing problems at the eastern and western front already. Iran also needs to solve all problems with diplomatic and security talks as it is already spending a lot in its presence on many other fronts.

Threats:

With the onset of war in Gaza, it was predicted that this war could expand and it seems like it happened. Iran not only attacked its neighbor, pakistan, but it also carried out similar strikes in Syria and Jordan. Experts suggest this can be the third world war that will be faced by the earth in 21st century.

Conclusion

China and Turkiye has offered mediation lessen the tension in the region. Many enemies of pakistan and iran would like to watch the escalation of foul relations between both countries and have been trying for it but the state heads should understand the delication of the matter and work out a best possible solution. It will take time to build trust between both countries but one can hope it will be worth it.

We are 8 billion now!

The population of the world is now 8 billion and increasing at an ever large rate. Population is increasing like it just has to increase and there is no need for food, shelter and basic human needs for that explosion of people. It is a must to remember that the population of the world was 1 billion in the 1800s and increased to 2 billion in the 1930s. It reached 3 billion in 1966 and just 9 years later, it crossed 4 billion. The important point to note is that in just less than 50 years, the population has doubled; 8 billion in 2023. The number of people that increased to an amount in about 2 centuries, has now increased in less than half of a century. 
The scientific advancements and revolutions can be attributed for this explosion of population. As the mortality rate of infants decreased by better defense against death causing diseases the number of people increased rapidly. This has caused a lot of problems with food, water and clean air. The increasing number of people need more houses to live for which more clear land is occupied by houses, outsourcing the agricultural practices. The increase in industries to provide for human needs and deforestation to provide woods has caused  bad air conditions. Only the developing countries are causing a 25% increase in the world's population. 
China adopted the one family one child policy after it became the world's largest population country and the first country to contribute 1 billion population to the 5 billion population of the world in 1981. 
The world must devise some policies to curb the increasing population. Like the next superpower of the world, as is said, the world should adopt a better policy. China adopted the one family one child policy after it became the world's largest population country and the first country to contribute 1 billion population to the 5 billion population of the world in 1981. 
When climate change became the most looming danger, world leaders started to worry about it and made conventions and agreements about it. It is better to learn a lesson from the climate change scenario and better control the population before it becomes a matter of life and death . We must remember that population increase and its dangers are no less than climate change.

The world must devise some policies to curb the increasing population. There should be

awareness among the masses that increasing the population is not something to be

proud of but providing the newborn with better living conditions is the

best adopted and appreciated idea.

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Pakistan's new step in foreign policy and relations

Pakistan's new step in foreign policy and relations

Pakistan has made quite visible and much needed changes in its foreign policy regarding relations with neighboring countries. Pakistan has turned its friendly hand towards far located states. In the previous year, many officials of the Pakistan interim government made visits towards different countries but no attention was granted to neighboring countries.

The purpose of these visits was to introduce the new plan of the unstable government to lift up the economy that has dwindled to its lowest ebb. Special Investment Facilitation Council aims at investment from domestic and foreign forums to increase economic stability and bring socio-economic prosperity.

Pakistan has now started to pay less heed to neighbors because of their unequal and hostile relations. Countless efforts and talks between the Pakistani government and the Talibans to curb TTP, has not yielded any better results. The number of terror and militant attacks in Pakistan and the casualties were manifold higher than previous years. That’s why Pakistan has not given ears to any benevolent words coming from any actor and forced the migrants out of its legitimate territory. Whatever the international community says, this step of Pakistan has its manifest effects that can’t be ignored. 

The stock market that started with lowest points in the earlier days of 2023, ended the year with points higher than ever in the previous 20 years. This proves the claims of Pakistani authorities of large scale smuggling of currency and edibles by afghans migrants, many of them if not all.

Neighbors of Pakistan don't offer tangible trades but only hostility and entanglements. 

This change of Pakistan's foreign policy towards geoeconomics rather than geopolitics will raise a soft image of Pakistan and help it to maintain it.